Otto Bauer was an important theorist and politician of Austro-Hungarian/Austrian Marxism and one of the leaders of the Austrian Social Democratic Party (SDAP). As a key figure in the European socialist movement in the early 20th century, his ideas profoundly influenced the discussion of socialism and national issues in Central Europe. Bauer's theory combines Marxist analysis with unique insights into national issues, attempting to find a balance between class struggle and national self-determination. In The National Question and Social Democracy, Bauer systematically explores the complex relationship between the working class movement and national contradictions in multi-ethnic countries. He proposed the theory of "national cultural autonomy", advocating that national conflicts should be resolved through non-regional cultural autonomy while maintaining national political unity. This theory, aimed at the multi-ethnic reality of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, attempted to transcend traditional national self-determination or assimilation plans and emphasized the equal rights of national cultures. Bauer believed that the development of capitalism not only intensified national contradictions, but also created conditions for the international solidarity of the proletariat, so the Social Democratic Party should promote national equality to consolidate class solidarity.
