The current level of integration between the Department of State and the Department Defense is inadequate to deal with the contemporary strategic environment. Diplomacy and military force are inherently intertwined and the complexities of State-Defense coordination are much more challenging than they appear. Two recent cases, 1999 in Kosovo and 2003 in Iraq, reveal the inter-departmental dynamics that complicate State-Defense relations during a crisis. The relatively successful postwar planning for Kosovo, facilitated by the PDD 56 interagency coordination process, should have served as a useful template for Iraq, but this corporate knowledge was not transferred between presidential administrations. Central Command (CENTCOM), the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), and the State Department all created plans that were not only rushed due to a late start, but were not adequately integrated. Until January 2003 and the creation of the Organization for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance (ORHA), CENTCOM, State and OSD planned independently of one other. The failure of Iraqi reconstruction planning demonstrated that State-Defense integration occurring only at the very highest levels was insufficient for an undertaking of this magnitude. Structural, educational, and incentive reforms outlined in this study are necessary to improve State-Defense integration and contribute to more effective American foreign policy.
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.
This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.
As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
